| Difference between Session and XSession in AccountsService? Posted: 05 Dec 2021 03:03 PM PST In: /var/lib/AccountsService/users/ I see I can set a user's default X session. In this file you'll find something like: [User] Language= XSession= Session=gnome-classic
But what's the difference between Session and Xsession. Do both have to have used if I'm just logging into the desktop? |
| Help with script that checks multiple files with the same lines of text in them Posted: 05 Dec 2021 02:51 PM PST I'm having issues with creating a script to check multiple files with the same line of text in them and if they have the same lines, I want to print out the names of the files. I'm also trying to add option -d to it. I'm currently still in the beginning of it |
| ISDN: how to set two channels with serial TA? Posted: 05 Dec 2021 02:40 PM PST Playing with retro-computing I have successfully configured a isdn pci TA, to set up the connection I use a script like this #!/bin/sh isdnctrl addif ippp0 isdnctrl addslave ippp0 ippp1 isdnctrl eaz ippp0 myphone isdnctrl eaz ippp1 myphone isdnctrl l2_prot ippp0 hdlc isdnctrl l3_prot ippp0 trans isdnctrl l2_prot ippp1 hdlc isdnctrl l3_prot ippp1 trans isdnctrl encap ippp0 syncppp isdnctrl encap ippp1 syncppp isdnctrl secure ippp0 on isdnctrl secure ippp1 on isdnctrl chargehup ippp0 off isdnctrl addphone ippp0 out outphone isdnctrl addphone ippp1 out outphone isdnctrl dialmode ippp0 manual isdnctrl dialmode ippp1 auto isdnctrl callback ippp0 off isdnctrl callback ippp1 off ifconfig ippp0 -arp -broadcast ipppd user myuser \ defaultroute \ noipdefault \ -detach \ mru 1524 \ -bsdcomp \ /dev/ippp0 & sleep 1 isdnctrl dial ippp0 isdnctrl addlink ippp1 #to return to a 64Kbit i USE isdnctrl removelink ippp1
Set up a serial modem(TA better) is too easy, is like setup a 56k modem using pppd+chat script My question is..someone know the command/string to setup the 128k(dual channel) connection with Serial TA on Linux? |
| Why does Linux need DRM (Digital rights management) for audio and video? Posted: 05 Dec 2021 02:25 PM PST Hope this is the right place for this question: Linux requires DRM (digital rights management) to be enabled in the default browser to support popular streaming services. Why is that? Is it to with the fact that most Linux OS are open source? N.B. From wikipedia - Digital rights management (DRM) tools or technological protection measures are a set of access control technologies for restricting the use of proprietary hardware and copyrighted works. |
| An oddity implementing fibers on OpenBSD Posted: 05 Dec 2021 01:21 PM PST So I have a little header library that implements stackful coroutines/fibers for a variety of systems/ABIs. (https://github.com/slembcke/Tina) I've used it quite a bit now in my games and some other toy projects like fractal rendering. At some point I tried running it on OpenBSD and ran into two minor issues. The first is that stack memory must be allocated with mmap() and MAP_STACK as this is checked during system calls. Easy enough, use existing stack memory or swap out malloc(). The second issue is maybe my confusion about how memory protection works on amd64 CPUs. To illustrate, lets say I do the following on Linux: - I create a stack allocation using
mmap() and use mprotect() with PROT_NONE to make the final page of the allocation a guard page. - I set
%rsp to the address of that guard page, and pushq a value onto the stack. - The push instruction subtracts 8 from
%rsp and writes the value just below the guard page. FINALLY GETTING TO THE REAL QUESTION... This is all good and exactly what I would expect. However, on OpenBSD I get a segfault when executing the push instruction. However, if I start the stack just below the guard page instead, then everything works fine. Alternatively I can just write the assembly for what I thought pushq did (decrement by 8, then write to [rsp]), and that also works fine. So... problem solved, but why?! I had assumed that at the hardware level the MMU generates a page fault interrupt or something that the OSes hook into. That must not quite be true as I don't get why the push instruction behavior is different on OpenBSD vs all the other OSes. |
| Why is the base system of Live ISOs for Linux distros usually stored with squashfs? Posted: 05 Dec 2021 01:01 PM PST Why couldn't the Live ISOs just be a minimal Linux system? Is there any reason to use squashfs? Is it just compression reasons, or is there something else? |
| find - Globbing with disjunction Posted: 05 Dec 2021 01:20 PM PST I've previously written a script that searches a directory tree for .h and .c files and then runs clang-format on them: find $directory -name '*.[hc]' -exec clang-format -i {} \;
This works just as expected. Now I'd like to add .cpp files to the search. However, neither -name '*.{[hc],cpp}'
nor -name '{*.[hc],*.cpp}'
work. That is, they find no files. I know that I could get my logic to work if I used find's -o option. However, there must be a way to do this with a single -name directive. |
| tar compress only if source files updated Posted: 05 Dec 2021 11:53 AM PST I am implementing a process in which a tar.gz file is created that compresses various files needed from the process. When this compression is done I don't want it to be compressed again, or crush the new file if none of the source files have changed (not even the modification date of the resulting tar.gz). It is assumed that the compressed tar.gz file is not removed once compressed. Example: tar -czvf booktypes.tar.gz \ classics \ adventure \ history \ crime \ horror \ fantasy
If any of the book types have changed something in their archive, then update the tar, otherwise don't update the tar, not even its modification date. Of course I could make a sh script that does this check. But my question is whether to perform this check using only the tar command. I mean, does tar command have something built-in like this? |
| moved partitions, ending up in busybox Posted: 05 Dec 2021 12:19 PM PST - moved pop OS partition
- tried to 'repair boot' with their recommended commands:
sudo mount /dev/nvme0n1p5 /mnt sudo mount /dev/nvme0n1p1 /mnt/boot/efi for i in dev dev/pts proc sys run; do sudo mount -B /$i /mnt/$i; done sudo cp -n /etc/resolv.conf /mnt/etc/ sudo chroot /mnt apt install --reinstall linux-image-generic linux-headers-generic update-initramfs -c -k all exit sudo bootctl --path=/mnt/boot/efi install
- got 'out of space' errors.
- after debugging, realized that my efi partition is 260, but Pop recommends 512, and
update-initramfs just cannot complete within this size--it fills up the whole partition and then errors out while trying to make - painfully break my windows partition to make room to...
- extend my efi partition (overkill to 1 gb)
- run the recommended commands above again, now they succeed
- reboot, end up in busybox
- reboot, try running commands again one more time to be safe
- reboot, exact same
- in busybox, using
journalctl -xb, I see this log: dev-disk-by\x2dpartuuid-d121b294\xxxxx\xxxxx\xxxxx\xxxxxxx.device: job dev-disk-by\x2dpartuuid-xxxxx\xxxxx\xxxxx\xxxxxxx.device/start timed out. Timed out waiting for device /dev/disk/by-partuid/d121bx/xxxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxx
What I'm interpreting as a UUID there does not match the UUID I see in gparted for my pop partition, and based on my output from bootctl along with my intuition, I'm pretty sure that's the old UUID from before I moved+resized the partition. Why is that happening? Am I right in interpreting that the linux kernel is being built by update-initramfs, and that it seems it is getting the wrong UUID hardcoded into it? Pop's docs have another snippet mentioning to check that the UUID in /boot/efi/loader/entries/Pop_OS-current.conf is correct, but in my case, the UUID there is correct: title Pop!_OS linux /EFI/Pop_OS-0bb250ea-43ea-4e62-8e06-4380542bdcfd/vmlinuz.efi initrd /EFI/Pop_OS-0bb250ea-43ea-4e62-8e06-4380542bdcfd/initrd.img options root=UUID=0bb250ea-43ea-4e62-8e06-4380542bdcfd ro quiet loglevel=0 systemd.show_status=false splash
Only thing I have left that I can think of is I see a few old kernels lying around in /boot. I might try backup that folder and then just try running the command again? I'm a bit poking in the dark, this has been a learning experience here. How do I get this to boot?
some more output: relevant output from running pop-os@pop-os:~$ bootctl --esp-path=/mnt/boot/efi Available Boot Loaders on ESP: ESP: /mnt/boot/efi (/dev/disk/by-partuuid/190d4349-cdf9-4587-b9e8-d0919a1ecfc2) File: └─/EFI/systemd/systemd-bootx64.efi (systemd-boot 247.3-3ubuntu3.1pop1~1623176805~21.04~74cb00e) File: └─/EFI/BOOT/bootx64.efi (systemd-boot 247.3-3ubuntu3.1pop1~1623176805~21.04~74cb00e) Boot Loaders Listed in EFI Variables: Title: Linux Boot Manager ID: 0x0002 Status: active, boot-order Partition: /dev/disk/by-partuuid/190d4349-cdf9-4587-b9e8-d0919a1ecfc2 File: └─/EFI/systemd/systemd-bootx64.efi Title: Pop!_OS 21.04 ID: 0x0001 Status: active, boot-order Partition: /dev/disk/by-partuuid/d121b294-546e-4ae9-b7d4-f41a58872b12 File: └─/EFI/systemd/systemd-bootx64.efi Title: Windows Boot Manager ID: 0x0000 Status: active, boot-order Partition: /dev/disk/by-partuuid/190d4349-cdf9-4587-b9e8-d0919a1ecfc2 File: └─/EFI/Microsoft/Boot/bootmgfw.efi Boot Loader Entries: $BOOT: /mnt/boot/efi (/dev/disk/by-partuuid/190d4349-cdf9-4587-b9e8-d0919a1ecfc2) Default Boot Loader Entry: title: Pop!_OS (Pop_OS-current.conf) id: Pop_OS-current.conf source: /mnt/boot/efi/loader/entries/Pop_OS-current.conf linux: /EFI/Pop_OS-0bb250ea-43ea-4e62-8e06-4380542bdcfd/vmlinuz.efi initrd: /EFI/Pop_OS-0bb250ea-43ea-4e62-8e06-4380542bdcfd/initrd.img options: root=UUID=0bb250ea-43ea-4e62-8e06-4380542bdcfd ro quiet loglevel=0 systemd.show_status=false splash
You can see that the Pop_OS entry Partition: /dev/disk/by-partuuid/d121b294-546e-4ae9-b7d4-f41a58872b12 matches with my busybox error Meanwhile, the Default Boot Loader Entry section at the bottom looks perfect! It just doesn't seem to be being used...? I don't understand what that section is there at the bottom. Also, the entry called "Linux Boot Manager" wasn't here before I got update-initramfs to run successfully last night... and it kind of looks like it is pointing to the windows entry (also, I think that's the old/broken windows partition)...? Not sure what's up with that. and when I run $ efibootmgr pop-os@pop-os:~$ efibootmgr BootCurrent: 001F Timeout: 0 seconds BootOrder: 0002,0001,0000,001A,001B,001C,001D,001E,001F,0020,0021,0022,0023,0024 Boot0000* Windows Boot Manager Boot0001* Pop!_OS 21.04 Boot0002* Linux Boot Manager <... truncating other entries here that are various hardware options and small software utilities from lenovo>
Also, here's the output when I run update-initramfs -c -k all root@pop-os:/# update-initramfs -c -k all update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-5.11.0-7620-generic kernelstub.Config : INFO Looking for configuration... kernelstub : INFO System information: OS:..................Pop!_OS 21.04 Root partition:....../dev/nvme0n1p5 Root FS UUID:........0bb250ea-43ea-4e62-8e06-4380542bdcfd ESP Path:............/boot/efi ESP Partition:......./dev/nvme0n1p1 ESP Partition #:.....1 NVRAM entry #:.......-1 Boot Variable #:.....0000 Kernel Boot Options:.quiet loglevel=0 systemd.show_status=false splash Kernel Image Path:.../boot/vmlinuz-5.15.5-76051505-generic Initrd Image Path:.../boot/initrd.img-5.15.5-76051505-generic Force-overwrite:.....False kernelstub.Installer : INFO Copying Kernel into ESP kernelstub.Installer : INFO Copying initrd.img into ESP kernelstub.Installer : INFO Setting up loader.conf configuration kernelstub.Installer : INFO Making entry file for Pop!_OS kernelstub.Installer : INFO Backing up old kernel kernelstub.Installer : INFO Making entry file for Pop!_OS
Looks like it's pointing to the correct UUID here, just adding to the mystery... Kind of thinking maybe the source of the problem is the next command--here's the output from running sudo bootctl --path=/mnt/boot/efi install pop-os@pop-os:~$ sudo bootctl --path=/mnt/boot/efi install Copied "/usr/lib/systemd/boot/efi/systemd-bootx64.efi" to "/mnt/boot/efi/EFI/systemd/systemd-bootx64.efi". Copied "/usr/lib/systemd/boot/efi/systemd-bootx64.efi" to "/mnt/boot/efi/EFI/BOOT/BOOTX64.EFI". Random seed file /mnt/boot/efi/loader/random-seed successfully written (512 bytes). Created EFI boot entry "Linux Boot Manager".
And yeah, that confirms the source of the "Linux Boot Manager" name... why doesn't that look like it's pointing to the correct partition? Random thought: Pop_OS strongly makes the assumption that you won't dual boot. I have Pop installed on nvme's partition 5, not the partition 3 they'd assume by default--the partition 3 is the window partition. Is there a chance that that's why the Linux Boot Manager EFI variable being produced refers to what seems to be partition 3??? If so, how could I run that last command to point to the correct partition? |
| VirtualBox installation problem under Debian 11 Posted: 05 Dec 2021 01:55 PM PST I tried installing VirtualBox 6.1 under Debian 11 Bullseye. I followed the tutorial from this answer to Sign virtual box modules (vboxdrv, vboxnetflt, vboxnetadp, vboxpci) Centos 8. However, I can not allow to disable secure boot and so I follow the second method. First I create private keys and reboot after importing them with mokutil. I set my password, reboot, follow steps and do as requested. This worked OK. Then I try signing kernels modules. This is where problems began: modinfo -n vboxdrv, vboxnetflt, vboxnetadp are not found. I go and look for kernels modules using the find command, and I find them (vboxdrv.ko, vboxnetflt.ko, vboxnetadp.ko). So I signed them, and restarted them with systemctl. Then, second problem. When I start /sbin/vboxconfig, it tells me to sign the vboxdrv, vboxnetflt and vboxnetadp modules. But I just signed them ! I go and execute modinfo -n vboxdrv, vboxnetflt, vboxnetadp again, and here they are found but under a different directory. I tell myself this could be a bug, so I reboot, and after rebooting I'm welcomed with an error message saying something around : Failed to load options : Invalid Parameter set_second_stage() failed : Invalid Parameter Something has gone seriously wrong : shlm_init() failed : Invalid Parameter
I panicked and went into BIOS, checked my boot parameters but did not change a parameter and as nothing changed I reboot. And it worked fine this time. So I go and check modinfo -n vboxdrv, vboxnetflt, vboxnetadp again, and here they are not found. As you guessed, this now loops. When I boot up, if I don't open BIOS, the error will be outputted again and my laptop won't start. Also, if this can help, here is the result of dmesg | grep VirtualBox: [ 1.170571] integrity: Loaded X.509 cert 'VirtualBox: 'b9e568a3ad346<something_else>'
The mokutil --list-import command returns my created key as the second key, so I would say it is correctly loaded and imported. Please help me as I could not find any other topics related to this error, I did not change any boot parameters but I get this nasty error on bootup now! If required I can edit my question to provide more information. |
| Preparing the installer to update Linux kernel in a VirtualBox causes errors connected with CONFIG_X86_X32 and modules.order Posted: 05 Dec 2021 03:08 PM PST I'm trying to update my Linux kernel on VirtualBox from version 5.11.0 to 5.14.21. My distribution is Ubuntu 20.04. I also added a new syscall to the kernel but it seems to be ok.
$ sudo make localmodconfig and $ sudo make worked out fine, but I'm getting errors when I run $ sudo make modules_install to prepare the installer of the kernel. Here's what I get: max@max-VirtualBox:~/linux-5.14.21$ sudo make modules_install -j4 arch/x86/Makefile:148: CONFIG_X86_X32 enabled but no binutils support sed: can't read modules.order: No such file or directory make: *** [Makefile:1501: __modinst_pre] Error 2
I found a few solutions there and there. But they didn't help.
binutils is installed, I set CONFIG_X86_X32=n and CONFIG_SYSTEM_TRUSTED_KEYS = "" in .config
$ pwd returns /home/max/linux-5.14.21
Still have the same errors.
Should I run $ sudo make menuconfig instead of $ sudo make localmodconfig? Or the problem is hidden somewhere in another place? |
| How can I transform echo replies from requests for if statement counter in Bash? Posted: 05 Dec 2021 10:27 AM PST I'm trying to using the ping command in an if statement where from the get go a certain number of requests would be sent e.g; ping -c 6 hostname and consider the statement successful if [ $result -gt 4] of those packets, in a lossy link for instance, make it back. I more or less have figured it out but only sending individual packets per command (ping -c 1 hostname), which take much longer and don't reflect the connection state all that well. I found a real interesting where with piping grep and wc I could potentially count the words as integers, except it didn't went that far, it only focused on single packet testing too, unfortunately. Writing to a file is another way but I don't want to write even if it's overwritten in the next loop (this all will be in loop) and never really grows. What I'm trying to do is to test if a file server is available; if it is mount it, if it's not don't and unmount the shares that lost their connection ASAP so the system doesn't hang or maybe bring up a tunnel. I managed to do it in AppleScript and with automountd/autofs but I'd to use a Bash script bc [1.] it's the only scripting language I sort of understand and [2.] to test fast and continuously in little packet batches that would allow for some leeway when switching back into a network to connect quickly or avoiding hanging the system when switching out of it. Even if there'a a better way, I'd still like to learn how to transform grepped lines from a single command to quantify them and use them in if statements. Thanks! |
| how to grab text after newline Posted: 05 Dec 2021 01:43 PM PST I have a text like this: 1 Something here and else, 2000 edf, 60 pop Usd324.32 2 Usd534.22 2 21st New tetx that will like to select with pattern, 334 pop Usd162.14
I'm trying to grab this explicit text: 1 Something here and else, 2000 edf, 60 pop 324.32 because of the newline and whitespace, the next command only grabs 1: grep -E '1\s.+'
also, I have been trying to make it with new concats: grep -E '1\s|[A-Z].+'
But doesn't work, grep begins to select similar pattern in different parts of the text How can I grab: - grab 1
newline - grab the whole second line after 1
newline - grab the number
324.34 and remove Usd |
| ZFS send/recv full snapshot Posted: 05 Dec 2021 11:44 AM PST I have been backing up my ZFS pool in Server A to Server B (backup server) via zfs send/recv, and using daily incremental snapshots. Due to hardware issues, the ZFS pool in Server A is now gone - and I want to restore/recover it asap. Currently the snapshot list in my Server B is as follows : zfs49/tank@2021Nov301705 368G - 3.52T - zfs49/tank@2021Dec011705 65.2G - 3.52T - zfs49/tank@2021Dec021705 66.4G - 3.52T - zfs49/tank@2021Dec031705 0B - 3.52T -
where zfs49/tank@2021Dec031705 is the latest. I would like to send back the whole pool (including the snapshots) back to Server A, but I'm unsure of the exact command to run. Question : On Server B, will doing zfs send zfs49/tank@2021Dec031705 | ssh <Server A host ip> zfs recv tank be sufficient to receive the full ZFS pool + all the snapshots (so I can continue incremental send/recv backups) on Server A? |
| Parse comma- and colon-separated numbers into to array values in Bash script Posted: 05 Dec 2021 10:28 AM PST I have a Bash script for deploying a service. It needs an update in the form of an additional command line argument for specifying ports for launching multiple instances of the service. The argument accepts comma-separated ports as well as colon-separated ranges of ports, i.e., some valid values are 5001,5002,5003,5004 5001:5004 2003,4001:4008 1337,2300:2340,5000,5008
These values need to be read into an array, expanding the ranges (i.e., in the case of 2003,4001:4008 the values array should be [2003,4001,4002,4003,4004,4005,4006,4007,4008]). I can't seem to find an efficient way to handle all of these cases using just Bash (Perl is not allowed, awk might be). TIA. |
| EFI partition is showing all 260mb are used, even though it's only got 34mb used, even after restart? Posted: 05 Dec 2021 10:48 AM PST This persists after a reboot, as well. I'm using Pop OS. I tried to move the partition, confident I could just follow their instructions to repair the boot. The instructions (slightly modified for my system): sudo mount /dev/nvme0n1p5 /mnt sudo mount /dev/nvme0n1p1 /mnt/boot/efi for i in dev dev/pts proc sys run; do sudo mount -B /$i /mnt/$i; done sudo cp -n /etc/resolv.conf /mnt/etc/ sudo chroot /mnt apt install --reinstall linux-image-generic linux-headers-generic update-initramfs -c -k all exit sudo bootctl --path=/mnt/boot/efi install
problem is, this command: update-initramfs -c -k all fails, because it thinks there is no space. OSError: [Errno 28] No space left on device: '/proc/cmdline' -> '/boot/efi/EFI/Pop_OS-0bb250ea-43ea-4e62-8e06-4380542bdcfd/cmdline'
(full output can be seen here.) There's definitely space though. Looking in Nautilus, it's actually 34mb. 
Of note: I dual boot windows. Here's my drive right now... you can see gparted (same as df -h) thinks it's completely full: 
What is going on? A reboot doesn't change this, btw. |
| Fixed wakeup from suspend, want to understand how/why now? Posted: 05 Dec 2021 11:07 AM PST I have a Dell laptop with both Intel integrated graphics but using NVIDIA as my main. I feel this is important for my already solved problem for me an unknown reason. What I did was to read to Reddit and LinuxMint forums that I should add a strange parameter: GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="nouveau.modeset=0"
to replace a blank one (GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=""). I find it weird for I am NOT using Nouveau drivers for ages, I use the proprietary ones (currently of version 495 from the official repo).
Dropplets: $ lspci -vvv | grep -i nvidia 01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: NVIDIA Corporation GP106M [GeForce GTX 1060 Mobile] (rev a1) (prog-if 00 [VGA controller]) Kernel driver in use: nvidia Kernel modules: nvidiafb, nouveau, nvidia_drm, nvidia 01:00.1 Audio device: NVIDIA Corporation GP106 High Definition Audio Controller (rev a1)
I am now able to wake up from suspend on my Linux Mint 20.2. But,... Why did this solution work, please? Thank you for any direction!
All system info with only sensitive filtered: $ inxi --verbosity 8 --filter System: Kernel: 5.4.0-91-generic x86_64 bits: 64 compiler: gcc v: 9.3.0 parameters: BOOT_IMAGE=/boot/vmlinuz-5.4.0-91-generic root=UUID=f1fc7345-be7a-4c6b-9559-fc6e2d445bfa ro nouveau.modeset=0 quiet splash fsck.mode=force fsck.repair=yes ipv6.disable=1 Desktop: Cinnamon 5.0.7 wm: muffin 5.0.2 dm: LightDM 1.30.0 Distro: Linux Mint 20.2 Uma base: Ubuntu 20.04 focal Machine: Type: Laptop System: Dell product: Inspiron 7577 v: N/A serial: <filter> Chassis: type: 10 serial: <filter> Mobo: Dell model: 0J8HMF v: A00 serial: <filter> UEFI: Dell v: 1.15.0 date: 10/08/2021 Battery: ID-1: BAT0 charge: 29.3 Wh condition: 29.3/56.0 Wh (52%) volts: 15.8/15.2 model: Samsung SDI DELL W7NKD7B type: Li-ion serial: <filter> status: Full Memory: RAM: total: 31.11 GiB used: 2.14 GiB (6.9%) RAM Report: permissions: Unable to run dmidecode. Root privileges required. PCI Slots: Permissions: Unable to run dmidecode. Root privileges required. CPU: Topology: Quad Core model: Intel Core i7-7700HQ bits: 64 type: MT MCP arch: Kaby Lake family: 6 model-id: 9E (158) stepping: 9 microcode: EA L2 cache: 6144 KiB bogomips: 44798 Speed: 800 MHz min/max: 800/3800 MHz Core speeds (MHz): 1: 800 2: 800 3: 800 4: 800 5: 800 6: 800 7: 800 8: 800 Flags: 3dnowprefetch abm acpi adx aes aperfmperf apic arat arch_perfmon art avx avx2 bmi1 bmi2 bts clflush clflushopt cmov constant_tsc cpuid cpuid_fault cx16 cx8 de ds_cpl dtes64 dtherm dts epb ept ept_ad erms est f16c flexpriority flush_l1d fma fpu fsgsbase fxsr ht hwp hwp_act_window hwp_epp hwp_notify ibpb ibrs ida intel_pt invpcid invpcid_single lahf_lm lm mca mce md_clear mmx monitor movbe mpx msr mtrr nonstop_tsc nopl nx pae pat pbe pcid pclmulqdq pdcm pdpe1gb pebs pge pln pni popcnt pse pse36 pti pts rdrand rdseed rdtscp rep_good sdbg sep smap smep ss ssbd sse sse2 sse4_1 sse4_2 ssse3 stibp syscall tm tm2 tpr_shadow tsc tsc_adjust tsc_deadline_timer vme vmx vnmi vpid x2apic xgetbv1 xsave xsavec xsaveopt xsaves xtopology xtpr Vulnerabilities: Type: itlb_multihit status: KVM: Split huge pages Type: l1tf mitigation: PTE Inversion; VMX: conditional cache flushes, SMT vulnerable Type: mds mitigation: Clear CPU buffers; SMT vulnerable Type: meltdown mitigation: PTI Type: spec_store_bypass mitigation: Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl and seccomp Type: spectre_v1 mitigation: usercopy/swapgs barriers and __user pointer sanitization Type: spectre_v2 mitigation: Full generic retpoline, IBPB: conditional, IBRS_FW, STIBP: conditional, RSB filling Type: srbds mitigation: Microcode Type: tsx_async_abort status: Not affected Graphics: Device-1: Intel HD Graphics 630 vendor: Dell driver: i915 v: kernel bus ID: 00:02.0 chip ID: 8086:591b Device-2: NVIDIA GP106M [GeForce GTX 1060 Mobile] vendor: Dell driver: nvidia v: 495.44 bus ID: 01:00.0 chip ID: 10de:1c20 Display: x11 server: X.Org 1.20.11 driver: modesetting,nvidia unloaded: fbdev,nouveau,vesa resolution: 3840x2160~60Hz OpenGL: renderer: NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1060 with Max-Q Design/PCIe/SSE2 v: 4.6.0 NVIDIA 495.44 direct render: Yes Audio: Device-1: Intel CM238 HD Audio vendor: Dell driver: snd_hda_intel v: kernel bus ID: 00:1f.3 chip ID: 8086:a171 Device-2: NVIDIA GP106 High Definition Audio vendor: Dell driver: snd_hda_intel v: kernel bus ID: 01:00.1 chip ID: 10de:10f1 Sound Server: ALSA v: k5.4.0-91-generic Network: Device-1: Realtek RTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet vendor: Dell driver: r8169 v: kernel port: d000 bus ID: 3b:00.0 chip ID: 10ec:8168 IF: enp59s0 state: down mac: <filter> Device-2: Intel Wireless 8265 / 8275 driver: iwlwifi v: kernel port: d000 bus ID: 3c:00.0 chip ID: 8086:24fd IF: wlp60s0 state: up mac: <filter> IP v4: <filter> type: noprefixroute scope: global broadcast: <filter> WAN IP: <filter> Drives: Local Storage: total: 1.38 TiB used: 650.93 GiB (46.2%) SMART Message: Unable to run smartctl. Root privileges required. ID-1: /dev/nvme0n1 vendor: Toshiba model: KXG50ZNV512G NVMe 512GB size: 476.94 GiB block size: physical: 512 B logical: 512 B speed: 31.6 Gb/s lanes: 4 serial: <filter> rev: AADA4107 scheme: GPT ID-2: /dev/sda vendor: Samsung model: SSD 870 QVO 1TB size: 931.51 GiB block size: physical: 512 B logical: 512 B speed: 6.0 Gb/s serial: <filter> rev: 2B6Q scheme: GPT Message: No Optical or Floppy data was found. RAID: Message: No RAID data was found. Partition: ID-1: / raw size: 476.85 GiB size: 468.36 GiB (98.22%) used: 291.74 GiB (62.3%) fs: ext4 dev: /dev/nvme0n1p2 label: N/A uuid: f1fc7345-be7a-4c6b-9559-fc6e2d445bfa ID-2: /boot/efi raw size: 94.0 MiB size: 92.5 MiB (98.44%) used: 5.2 MiB (5.6%) fs: vfat dev: /dev/nvme0n1p1 label: N/A uuid: 4966-E925 ID-3: /mnt/windows raw size: 930.34 GiB size: 930.34 GiB (100.00%) used: 359.18 GiB (38.6%) fs: ntfs dev: /dev/sda3 label: windows10 uuid: 01D480EF7EDA45C0 ID-4: /snap/bare/5 raw size: 4 KiB size: <superuser/root required> used: <superuser/root required> fs: squashfs dev: /dev/loop0 label: N/A uuid: N/A ID-5: /snap/core/11798 raw size: 99.4 MiB size: <superuser/root required> used: <superuser/root required> fs: squashfs dev: /dev/loop1 label: N/A uuid: N/A ID-6: /snap/core/11993 raw size: 99.4 MiB size: <superuser/root required> used: <superuser/root required> fs: squashfs dev: /dev/loop2 label: N/A uuid: N/A ID-7: /snap/core18/2246 raw size: 55.5 MiB size: <superuser/root required> used: <superuser/root required> fs: squashfs dev: /dev/loop3 label: N/A uuid: N/A ID-8: /snap/core18/2253 raw size: 55.5 MiB size: <superuser/root required> used: <superuser/root required> fs: squashfs dev: /dev/loop4 label: N/A uuid: N/A ID-9: /snap/core20/1169 raw size: 61.8 MiB size: <superuser/root required> used: <superuser/root required> fs: squashfs dev: /dev/loop8 label: N/A uuid: N/A ID-10: /snap/core20/1242 raw size: 61.8 MiB size: <superuser/root required> used: <superuser/root required> fs: squashfs dev: /dev/loop16 label: N/A uuid: N/A ID-11: /snap/gimp/372 raw size: 276.7 MiB size: <superuser/root required> used: <superuser/root required> fs: squashfs dev: /dev/loop11 label: N/A uuid: N/A ID-12: /snap/gimp/380 raw size: 277.0 MiB size: <superuser/root required> used: <superuser/root required> fs: squashfs dev: /dev/loop15 label: N/A uuid: N/A ID-13: /snap/gnome-3-28-1804/145 raw size: 162.9 MiB size: <superuser/root required> used: <superuser/root required> fs: squashfs dev: /dev/loop12 label: N/A uuid: N/A ID-14: /snap/gnome-3-28-1804/161 raw size: 164.8 MiB size: <superuser/root required> used: <superuser/root required> fs: squashfs dev: /dev/loop17 label: N/A uuid: N/A ID-15: /snap/gnome-3-38-2004/76 raw size: 242.3 MiB size: <superuser/root required> used: <superuser/root required> fs: squashfs dev: /dev/loop5 label: N/A uuid: N/A ID-16: /snap/gnome-3-38-2004/87 raw size: 247.9 MiB size: <superuser/root required> used: <superuser/root required> fs: squashfs dev: /dev/loop13 label: N/A uuid: N/A ID-17: /snap/gtk-common-themes/1515 raw size: 65.1 MiB size: <superuser/root required> used: <superuser/root required> fs: squashfs dev: /dev/loop10 label: N/A uuid: N/A ID-18: /snap/gtk-common-themes/1519 raw size: 65.2 MiB size: <superuser/root required> used: <superuser/root required> fs: squashfs dev: /dev/loop14 label: N/A uuid: N/A ID-19: /snap/gtk2-common-themes/13 raw size: 140 KiB size: <superuser/root required> used: <superuser/root required> fs: squashfs dev: /dev/loop7 label: N/A uuid: N/A ID-20: /snap/gtk2-common-themes/9 raw size: 132 KiB size: <superuser/root required> used: <superuser/root required> fs: squashfs dev: /dev/loop6 label: N/A uuid: N/A ID-21: /snap/kde-frameworks-5-core18/32 raw size: 260.7 MiB size: <superuser/root required> used: <superuser/root required> fs: squashfs dev: /dev/loop9 label: N/A uuid: N/A Unmounted: ID-1: /dev/sda1 size: 500.0 MiB fs: vfat label: ESP uuid: 889B-32CC ID-2: /dev/sda2 size: 128.0 MiB fs: <superuser/root required> label: N/A uuid: N/A ID-3: /dev/sda4 size: 571.7 MiB fs: ntfs label: N/A uuid: 01D78D23F78B6B00 USB: Hub: 1-0:1 info: Full speed (or root) Hub ports: 16 rev: 2.0 speed: 480 Mb/s chip ID: 1d6b:0002 Hub: 1-1:2 info: Terminus Hub ports: 4 rev: 2.0 speed: 480 Mb/s chip ID: 1a40:0101 Device-1: 1-1.3:4 info: Logitech M105 Optical Mouse type: Mouse driver: hid-generic,usbhid interfaces: 1 rev: 2.0 speed: 1.5 Mb/s chip ID: 046d:c077 Device-2: 1-4:3 info: Intel type: Bluetooth driver: btusb interfaces: 2 rev: 2.0 speed: 12 Mb/s chip ID: 8087:0a2b Device-3: 1-8:5 info: Shenzhen Goodix Fingerprint Reader type: Abstract (modem),CDC-Data driver: cdc_acm interfaces: 2 rev: 2.0 speed: 12 Mb/s chip ID: 27c6:5301 serial: <filter> Device-4: 1-12:6 info: Microdia Integrated_Webcam_HD type: Video driver: uvcvideo interfaces: 2 rev: 2.0 speed: 480 Mb/s chip ID: 0c45:6a08 Hub: 2-0:1 info: Full speed (or root) Hub ports: 8 rev: 3.0 speed: 5 Gb/s chip ID: 1d6b:0003 Sensors: System Temperatures: cpu: 45.0 C mobo: 45.0 C sodimm: 38.0 C gpu: nvidia temp: 44 C Fan Speeds (RPM): cpu: 2256 Repos: No active apt repos in: /etc/apt/sources.list Active apt repos in: /etc/apt/sources.list.d/brave-browser-release.list 1: deb [arch=amd64] https://brave-browser-apt-release.s3.brave.com/ stable main No active apt repos in: /etc/apt/sources.list.d/cloudflare-client.list Active apt repos in: /etc/apt/sources.list.d/google-chrome.list 1: deb [arch=amd64] http://dl.google.com/linux/chrome/deb/ stable main Active apt repos in: /etc/apt/sources.list.d/mono-develop.list 1: deb [arch=amd64] https://download.mono-project.com/repo/ubuntu vs-bionic main Active apt repos in: /etc/apt/sources.list.d/official-package-repositories.list 1: deb http://packages.linuxmint.com uma main upstream import backport #id:linuxmint_main 2: deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal main restricted universe multiverse 3: deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse 4: deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse 5: deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse 6: deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu/ focal partner Active apt repos in: /etc/apt/sources.list.d/signal.list 1: deb [arch=amd64 signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/signal-desktop-keyring.gpg] https://updates.signal.org/desktop/apt xenial main Active apt repos in: /etc/apt/sources.list.d/speedtest.list 1: deb [arch=amd64] https://packagecloud.io/ookla/speedtest-cli/ubuntu/ focal main Active apt repos in: /etc/apt/sources.list.d/spotify.list 1: deb http://repository.spotify.com stable non-free Active apt repos in: /etc/apt/sources.list.d/steam.list 1: deb [arch=amd64,i386] https://repo.steampowered.com/steam/ stable steam Active apt repos in: /etc/apt/sources.list.d/sublime-text.list 1: deb [arch=amd64] https://download.sublimetext.com/ apt/stable/ Active apt repos in: /etc/apt/sources.list.d/teamviewer.list 1: deb [arch=amd64] https://linux.teamviewer.com/deb stable main No active apt repos in: /etc/apt/sources.list.d/virtualbox.list Active apt repos in: /etc/apt/sources.list.d/vivaldi.list 1: deb [arch=amd64] http://repo.vivaldi.com/stable/deb/ stable main Active apt repos in: /etc/apt/sources.list.d/vscode.list 1: deb [arch=amd64] http://packages.microsoft.com/repos/code stable main Active apt repos in: /etc/apt/sources.list.d/wine.list 1: deb https://dl.winehq.org/wine-builds/ubuntu/ focal main Processes: CPU top: 5 1: cpu: 5.4% command: brave pid: 11722 mem: 347.5 MiB (1.0%) 2: cpu: 3.8% command: brave pid: 11799 mem: 174.1 MiB (0.5%) 3: cpu: 3.3% command: brave pid: 11758 mem: 190.3 MiB (0.5%) 4: cpu: 3.1% command: brave pid: 12373 mem: 137.1 MiB (0.4%) 5: cpu: 3.0% command: brave pid: 11924 mem: 175.7 MiB (0.5%) Memory top: 5 1: mem: 347.5 MiB (1.0%) command: brave pid: 11722 cpu: 5.4% 2: mem: 311.6 MiB (0.9%) command: xorg pid: 1454 cpu: 1.8% 3: mem: 279.4 MiB (0.8%) command: gnome-software pid: 5594 cpu: 0.1% 4: mem: 271.1 MiB (0.8%) command: cinnamon pid: 4658 cpu: 1.7% 5: mem: 190.3 MiB (0.5%) command: brave pid: 11758 cpu: 3.3% Info: Processes: 300 Uptime: 41m Init: systemd v: 245 runlevel: 5 Compilers: gcc: 9.3.0 alt: 10/7/8/9 Shell: bash v: 5.0.17 running in: gnome-terminal inxi: 3.0.38
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| what does "internal-only" means in mount command and why wouldn't you call the /sbin/mount filesystem? Posted: 05 Dec 2021 11:38 AM PST the followed command, it's used to make executables at the user's home directory mount -i -o remount,exec /home/chronos/user
- I know that
-o argument is for options, in this case remount and make executables at user home directory. From the manual of mount: -i, --internal-only
Don't call the /sbin/mount.filesystem helper even if it exists. Why wouldn't you call the sbin/mount filesystem? examples please. |
| How can I use a USB keyboard or mouse to wake from suspend? Posted: 05 Dec 2021 11:08 AM PST I am using GNOME 3.36.6 on Arch Linux. By default, GNOME's automatic suspend option is enabled and it works as expected. However, I have to press the power button to wake the computer from suspend. I want to use my USB keyboard, which works by default on Windows. The Linux kernel documentation describes how /sys/devices/.../power/wakeup files control whether or not a device is supposed to signal system wakeup. According to the documentation: The initial value in the power/wakeup file is "disabled" for the majority of devices; the major exceptions are power buttons, keyboards, and Ethernet adapters whose WoL (wake-on-LAN) feature has been set up with ethtool. This is not the case on my system. When I run grep . /sys/bus/usb/devices/*/power/wakeup, I can see that wakeup is disabled for all USB devices. I found the question Wake up from suspend using wireless USB keyboard or mouse (for any Linux Distro) on the Ubuntu Stack Exchange, which explains how to identify the correct device in /sys/bus/usb/devices and use /etc/rc.local to apply the correct configuration on boot. All of this seems pretty complicated, difficult to remember, and error-prone. Using /etc/rc.local is discouraged on systemd-based distributions like Debian, Ubuntu, Arch and Fedora. Researching this problem turns up lots of outdated advice (systemd became Debian's default init system in 2015), as well as questions about suspend itself being broken over the years. As of 2020, GNOME seems to lack user-friendly configuration for wake-on-USB; on Windows, this is accessible from the Power Management tab of the device's hardware properties. What is the simplest and most reliable way to enable wakeup for a specific USB keyboard or mouse, on a modern systemd-based Linux distribution? (The Arch Linux Wiki page on suspend and hibernate suggests that the answer is probably to automatically configure the appropriate /sys/devices/.../power/wakeup file using systemd-tmpfiles, but identifying a graphical or simple command line tool that makes it easy to select the correct USB device, and is packaged in popular distributions, would be even better.) See also |
| Recover data after selecting: "Erase disk and install Linux Mint" Posted: 05 Dec 2021 03:04 PM PST I tried to install the Linux Mint by selecting the option by option : "Erase disk and install Linux Mint" assuming that the installation will be on C drive (where windows was installed ) but the installation failed due to some unknown reason relating to hard drive. I have lost the all the partition and when I am trying again to install Linux Mint it shows only 1 partition of 500 GB (my HDD). I am not sure if the I have lost all the data but is it possible to recover it ? |
| Checking for freetype2 configure error when installing PHP 5.6.37 from AUR Posted: 05 Dec 2021 12:00 PM PST I'm trying to install PHP version 5.6.37 from AUR using makepkg -i command, but when it reaches the moment to check for the "freetype2" it displays the error: checking for freetype2... configure: error: freetype-config not found. I already have 7.2 installed, but I need the 5.6 for an older project, and as in Ubuntu, I intend to have both installed. makepkg -i ==> Making package: php56 5.6.37-1 (Wed 12 Sep 2018 12:27:39 PM +08) ==> Checking runtime dependencies... ==> Checking buildtime dependencies... ==> Retrieving sources... -> Found php-5.6.37.tar.xz -> Found php-5.6.37.tar.xz.asc -> Found php.ini.patch -> Found apache.conf -> Found php-fpm.conf.in.patch -> Found logrotate.d.php-fpm -> Found php-fpm.service -> Found php-fpm.tmpfiles -> Found use-enchant2.patch -> Found php-freetype-2.9.1.patch ==> Validating source files with sha512sums... [...] checking whether to enable truetype string function in GD... yes checking whether to enable JIS-mapped Japanese font support in GD... no If configure fails try --with-vpx-dir=<DIR> checking for jpeg_read_header in -ljpeg... yes checking for png_write_image in -lpng... yes checking for XpmFreeXpmImage in -lXpm... yes checking for pkg-config... (cached) no checking for freetype2... configure: error: freetype-config not found. ==> ERROR: A failure occurred in build(). Aborting...
Installing freetype2 with Pacman didn't solve it. |
| Bluetooth problem in Linux Mint (Cinnamon) Posted: 05 Dec 2021 01:00 PM PST I have just installed Linux Mint with the Cinnamon desktop and my Bluetooth is not finding any device, and I cannot find it either. I have checked the rfkill and dmesg and here is the result. ~$dmesg | egrep -i 'blue|firm' [ 0.030961] Spectre V2 : Enabling Restricted Speculation for firmware calls [ 0.054061] ACPI: [Firmware Bug]: BIOS _OSI(Linux) query ignored [ 1.648050] [Firmware Bug]: ACPI(PEGP) defines _DOD but not _DOS [13874.011429] Bluetooth: Core ver 2.22 [13874.011454] Bluetooth: HCI device and connection manager initialized [13874.011458] Bluetooth: HCI socket layer initialized [13874.011460] Bluetooth: L2CAP socket layer initialized [13874.011465] Bluetooth: SCO socket layer initialized [13874.154378] Bluetooth: hci0: BCM: chip id 70 [13874.155377] Bluetooth: hci0: BCM: features 0x06 [13874.171401] Bluetooth: hci0: BCM43142A [13874.171405] Bluetooth: hci0: BCM (001.001.011) build 0000 [13874.171426] bluetooth hci0: Direct firmware load for brcm/BCM.hcd failed with error -2 [13874.171428] Bluetooth: hci0: BCM: Patch brcm/BCM.hcd not found [13874.189859] Bluetooth: BNEP (Ethernet Emulation) ver 1.3 [13874.189860] Bluetooth: BNEP filters: protocol multicast [13874.189863] Bluetooth: BNEP socket layer initialized [13876.195696] Bluetooth: hci0: command 0x1003 tx timeout [13876.281872] Bluetooth: RFCOMM TTY layer initialized [13876.281880] Bluetooth: RFCOMM socket layer initialized [13876.281886] Bluetooth: RFCOMM ver 1.11 [15346.946402] Bluetooth: hci0: command 0x1003 tx timeout [15352.426182] Bluetooth: hci0: last event is not cmd complete (0x0f) [15368.041160] Bluetooth: hci0: last event is not cmd complete (0x0f) [15384.174164] Bluetooth: hci0: last event is not cmd complete (0x0f) [15400.042260] Bluetooth: hci0: last event is not cmd complete (0x0f) [15416.174183] Bluetooth: hci0: last event is not cmd complete (0x0f) [15432.042204] Bluetooth: hci0: last event is not cmd complete (0x0f) [15448.171207] Bluetooth: hci0: last event is not cmd complete (0x0f) [15464.042212] Bluetooth: hci0: last event is not cmd complete (0x0f) [15480.170233] Bluetooth: hci0: last event is not cmd complete (0x0f) [15496.043226] Bluetooth: hci0: last event is not cmd complete (0x0f) [15512.170239] Bluetooth: hci0: last event is not cmd complete (0x0f) [15528.043245] Bluetooth: hci0: last event is not cmd complete (0x0f) [15544.171263] Bluetooth: hci0: last event is not cmd complete (0x0f) [15560.042288] Bluetooth: hci0: last event is not cmd complete (0x0f) [15576.175270] Bluetooth: hci0: last event is not cmd complete (0x0f) [15592.043275] Bluetooth: hci0: last event is not cmd complete (0x0f) [15608.171304] Bluetooth: hci0: last event is not cmd complete (0x0f) [15624.043300] Bluetooth: hci0: last event is not cmd complete (0x0f) [15640.171310] Bluetooth: hci0: last event is not cmd complete (0x0f) [15656.044318] Bluetooth: hci0: last event is not cmd complete (0x0f) [15664.958315] Bluetooth: hci0: last event is not cmd complete (0x0f) [15672.168321] Bluetooth: hci0: last event is not cmd complete (0x0f) [15672.168344] Bluetooth: hci0: inquiry failed: status 0x12 [15683.716367] Bluetooth: hci0: last event is not cmd complete (0x0f) [16015.211513] Bluetooth: hci0: last event is not cmd complete (0x0f) [16128.356675] Bluetooth: hci0: last event is not cmd complete (0x0f) ~$ sudo rfkill list 1: sony-bluetooth: Bluetooth Soft blocked: no Hard blocked: no 7: hci0: Bluetooth Soft blocked: no Hard blocked: no
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| How do I su into another user if the user has no password assigned to it? Posted: 05 Dec 2021 03:03 PM PST I have a user named lap that was set up during install of a service named lap. I have to be logged in as user lap to execute certain functions and to access some directories. I do not have the root password. I tried: $ su - lap Password: "MyPassWord" su: Authentication failure
In this case the password I tried is the password of the current user I was logged in as. Which is the same password I would supply for sudo. Also i tried: $ sudo su - lap Sorry, user xxxxxgrp is not allowed to execute '/bin/su - lap' as root on myServerName.
In /etc/passwd lap:x:1003:1004::/opt/lap:/bin/csh
In /etc/shadow lap:!!:17674:0:99999:7:::
Is there a way I can change to user lap? |
| Linux does not recognize Fake-RAID 0 Posted: 05 Dec 2021 02:03 PM PST I am trying to set up Linux (preferably Linux Mint) with Dual Boot alongside my Windows 10 installation. Now the problem is, I'm using a Fake-RAID 0 setup, because I really dislike having partitions. I'm using an Asus X370 Pro Mainboard and an AMD Ryzen 1800X CPU. I've searched across the internet, and of course found many guides and stuff for dual booting a linux distro alongside windows, even some for a RAID setup. What they all had in common, though, was the assumption, that installing mdadm and running sudo mdadm --assemble --scan
would work and let Linux detect my RAID array. Unfortunately, for me that is not the case. I received the following output instead: no arrays found in config file or automatically
I have then tried several other guides (with some more or different mdadm setup stuff), tried to install Ubuntu instead of Mint (hoping, that it might have better compatibility with my array). Is there anything I'm missing? |
| Arch linux touchpad lag Posted: 05 Dec 2021 11:01 AM PST Recently i did a fresh install of arch linux as described in the wiki, and installed gnome along with it. Everything seems to work, but the track pad seems to have a slight delay to it. Not enough to be unusable, but enough to be noticeable and annoying; it's definitely not as smooth as it was on ubuntu unity. Can someone suggest a fix? I'm using wayland (i think? i'm new to linux) ,and apparently theres no way to config the track pad? Speed is set to max on gnome settings. |
| Add line after text field Posted: 05 Dec 2021 02:17 PM PST How am I able to add a new line beore a < in my data? My current date looks like <VALUE MAGID="1" MAGNAME="Fireball" TYPE="0" <VALUE MAGID="2" MAGNAME="Heal" TYPE="4" <VALUE MAGID="3" MAGNAME="WeaponAccuracy" TYPE="7" <VALUE MAGID="4" MAGNAME="WeaponGuidance" TYPE="7" <VALUE MAGID="5" MAGNAME="GreaterFireball" TYPE="0"
Output should be <VALUE MAGID="1" MAGNAME="Fireball" TYPE="0" <VALUE MAGID="2" MAGNAME="Heal" TYPE="4" <VALUE MAGID="3" MAGNAME="WeaponAccuracy" TYPE="7" <VALUE MAGID="4" MAGNAME="WeaponGuidance" TYPE="7" <VALUE MAGID="5" MAGNAME="GreaterFireball" TYPE="0"
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| How to find total filesize grouped by extension Posted: 05 Dec 2021 11:38 AM PST I work on a cluster shared with other colleagues. The hard disk is limited (and has been full on some occasions), so I clean up my part occasionally. I want to do this quickly, so until now I do this by making a list of files larger than 100 MB older than 3 months, and I see if I still need them. But now I am thinking that there could be a folder with >1000 smaller files that I miss, so I want to get an easy way to see if this is the case. From the way I generate data, it would help to get a list of total size per extension. In the context of this question, 'extension' as everything behind the last dot in the filename. Suppose I have multiple folders with multiple files: folder1/file1.bmp 40 kiB folder1/file2.jpg 20 kiB folder2/file3.bmp 30 kiB folder2/file4.jpg 8 kiB
Is it possible to make a list of total filesize per file extension, so like this: bmp 70 kiB jpg 28 kiB
I don't care about files without extension, so they can be ignored or put in one category. I already went through man pages of ls, du and find, but I don't know what is the right tool for this job... |
| make mutt show only one instance of a header Posted: 05 Dec 2021 01:02 PM PST How can one make mutt display ONLY the last instance of a particular header. In many cases, such as g.e. UCE messages or phishing messages, the last (or oldest) of several "Received:" lines is the one of interest to obtain an idea of the origin of the mail. Is there a way of of making mutt display only the last instance of the "Received:" header? |
| Screen brightness 100% with proprietary Nvidia driver Posted: 05 Dec 2021 01:04 PM PST After having installed the proprietary Nvidia driver on Debian Jessie in order to play Steam games (which I now can), I can't change the brightness at all, it is stuck at the maximum and is irritating my eyes at night. I have already tried all of the solutions in the Debian wiki such as adding the line: Option "RegistryDwords" "EnableBrightnessControl=1;" to /etc/X11/xorg.conf and /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/20-nvidia.conf but that has not worked, even though in the Debian forums it seems to work (marked solved): xbacklight does not work at all, and I don't know what to do anymore. I will post any outputs for whatever terminal commands, please help. |
| How to find the installation path for a software under linux? Posted: 05 Dec 2021 03:10 PM PST Under linux, I launch a software by typing, e.g., fluidplot. How can I find the installation path for this software? |
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